A Activity diagram used in UML 6/9 and SysML B Bachman diagram Booch used in software engineering Block diagram Block Definition Diagram BDD used in SysML C Carroll diagram Cartogram Catalytic cycle Chemical equation Curly arrow diagram Category theory diagrams Cause-and-effect diagram Chord diagram Circuit diagram Class diagram from UML 1/9 Collaboration diagram from UML 2.0 Communication diagram from UML 2.0 Commutative diagram Comparison diagram Component diagram from UML 3/9 Composite structure diagram from UML 2.0 Concept map Constellation diagram Context diagram Control flow diagram Contour diagram Cordier diagram Cross functional flowchart D Data model diagram Data flow diagram Data structure diagram Dendrogram Dependency diagram Deployment diagram from UML 9/9 Dot and cross diagram Double bubble map used in education Drakon-chart E Entity-Relationship diagram ERD Event-driven process chain Euler diagram Eye diagram a diagram of a received telecommunications signal Express-G Extended Functional Flow Block Diagram EFFBD F Family tree Feynman diagram Flow chart Flow process chart Flow diagram Fusion diagram Free body diagram G Gantt chart shows the timing of tasks or activities used in project management Grotrian diagram Goodman diagram shows the fatigue data example: for a wind turbine blades H Hasse diagram HIPO diagram I Internal Block Diagram IBD used in SysML IDEF0 IDEF1 entity relations Interaction overview diagram from UML Ishikawa diagram J Jackson diagram K Karnaugh map Kinematic diagram L Ladder diagram Line of balance Link grammar diagram M Martin ERD Message Sequence Chart Mind map used for learning, brainstorming, memory, visual thinking and problem solving Minkowski spacetime diagram Molecular orbital diagram N N2 Nassi Shneiderman diagram or structogram a representation for structured programming Nomogram Network diagram O Object diagram from UML 2/9 Organigram Onion diagram also known as "stacked Venn diagram" P Package diagram from UML 4/9 and SysML Parametric diagram from SysML PERT Petri net shows the structure of a distributed system as a directed bipartite graph with annotations Phylogenetic tree - represents a phylogeny evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms Piping and instrumentation diagram P&ID Phase diagram used to present solid/liquid/gas information Plant Diagram Pressure volume diagram used to analyse engines Pourbaix diagram Process flow diagram or PFD used in chemical engineering Program structure diagram R Radar chart Radial Diagram Requirement Diagram Used in SysML Rich Picture R-diagram Routing diagram S Sankey diagram represents material, energy or cost flows with quantity proportional arrows in a process network. Sentence diagram represents the grammatical structure of a natural language sentence. Sequence diagram from UML 8/9 and SysML SDL/GR diagram Specification and Description Language. SDL is a formal language used in computer science. Smith chart Spider chart Spray diagram SSADM Structured Systems Analysis and Design Methodology used in software engineering Star chart/Celestial sphere State diagram are used for state machines in software engineering from UML 7/9 Swim lane Syntax diagram used in software engineering to represent a context-free grammar Systems Biology Graphical Notation a graphical notation used in diagrams of biochemical and cellular processes studied in Systems biology System context diagram System structure Systematic layout planning T Timing Diagram: Digital Timing Diagram Timing Diagram: UML 2.0 TQM Diagram Treemap U UML diagram Unified Modeling Language used in software engineering Use case diagram from UML 5/9 and SysML V Value Stream Mapping Venn diagram Voronoi diagram W Warnier-Orr Williot diagram Y Yourdon-Coad see Edward Yourdon, used in software engineering
VINDICATE definition: 1. to prove that what someone said or did was right or true, after other people thought it was…. Learn more.
Vindicate, which has been used in English since at least the mid 16th century, comes from a form of the Latin verb vindicare, meaning “to set free, avenge, or lay claim to.”
VINDICATE definition: to clear, as from an accusation, imputation, suspicion, or the like. See examples of vindicate used in a sentence.
"The suits are valid and are being brought to vindicate legal wrongs, under both federal and state law.
vindicate somebody to prove that somebody is not guilty when they have been accused of doing something wrong or illegal; to prove that somebody is right about something. New evidence emerged, vindicating him completely. Definition of vindicate verb in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary.
To clear of accusation, blame, suspicion, or doubt with supporting arguments or proof: "Our society permits people to sue for libel so that they may vindicate their reputations" (Irving R. Kaufman).
vindicate (third person singular simple present vindicates, present participle vindicating, simple past and past participle vindicated) (transitive) To clear of an accusation, suspicion or criticism.
When a person or entity is 'vindicated,' it means that they have been proven to be innocent, correct, or justified in their beliefs, actions, or decisions, often after facing accusations, skepticism, or condemnation.
Vindicate means to justify, prove, or reinforce an idea — or to absolve from guilt. If your family thinks you hogged the last piece of pie on Thanksgiving, you'll be vindicated when your younger brother fesses up.
vindicate definition: clear someone of blame or suspicion. Check meanings, examples, usage tips, pronunciation, domains, related words.
径流是指降雨及冰雪融水或者在浇地的时候在重力作用下沿地表或地下流动的水流。 径流有不同的类型，按水流来源可有降雨径流和融水径流以及浇水径流；按流动方式可分地表径流和地下径流，地表径流又分坡面流和河槽流。
径流是指降水形成的沿着流域地面和地下向河川、湖泊、水库、洼地等处流动的水流。 其中，沿着地面流动的水流称为地面径流，或称地表径流；沿着土壤、岩石孔隙流动的水流称为地下径流。 水流汇集到河流后，在重力作用下沿着河道流动的水流称为河川径流。 河川径流的来源是大气降水，降水分为降雨和降雪两种主要形式，所以河川径流分为降雨径流和融雪径流。 我国大部分河流为降雨径流，冰雪融水径流只在局部地区的河流或河流的局部河段发生，所以本节主要讨论降雨径流。 径流过程是地球上水文循环中最为重要的一环。 在水文循环过程中，陆地上34%的降水转化为地面径流和地下径流汇入海洋。 径流过程又是一个复杂多变的过程，它与人类同水旱灾害的斗争、水资源的开发利用、水环境保护等生产生活活动密切相关。
1.径流的基本概念：径流是指沿地表或地下水运动汇入河网向流域出口断面汇集的水流。 根据降水的形式我们可以把径流分为“ 降雨径流 ”和“ 冰雪融水径流 ”两种，我国的河流以降雨径流为主，冰雪融水径流只在西部高山及高纬地区河流的局部地段才发生。
当 土壤 已饱和，地面可蓄水的凹陷也已经满了，又继续下雨。 降雨就会形成地表径流。 上次降雨的水分会影响这次水分饱和的时间。 这种径流称为饱和过剩坡面流或是饱和过剩流。
按其形成物理条件的不同，地面径流可分为超渗地面径流和饱和地面径流。 当降水强度大于地面下渗能力时，超出下渗能力的那部分水将积聚于地面，在重力作用下沿流域坡面流动，形成地面径流，此即为超渗地面径流；当下垫面包气带土层为分层结构，且下层土壤的下渗能力远小于上层土壤时，下渗水流将在土层界面附近积聚，从而形成临时饱和带，饱和带逐渐增厚并出露地面后，后续降水将直接形成地面径流，此即为饱和地面径流。 地面径流形成后迅速汇入大小沟渠，进而汇入河道并逐步向流域出口断面汇集。 地面径流集中迅速，是江河洪水过程中洪峰附近流量的主要组成部分。 当降水强度很大时会形成陡涨陡落的径流过程。 在大暴雨情况下，易引起山洪暴发。 地面径流是侵蚀地表、溶解地球化学物质、塑造地貌形态的重要地质营力。
本文提供了径流系数取值表，包括不同地面种类和城市建筑区域的径流系数。 表3.2.2 1列出了屋面、混凝土或沥青路面、大块石铺砌路面等地面种类的径流系数取值范围。 表3.2.2 2则展示了城市建筑密集区、较密集区和稀疏区的综合径流系数。
不同类型的降水形成不同的地表径流，大雨和暴雨形成较大的地表径流，短时间的小雨形成小的地表径流或不形成地表径流。 当斜坡很陡时，大气降水很快地流向附近的低地，而稍微被割切的地形区地表径流则缓慢。 如果斜坡为植物所覆盖，地表径流就要减小。
但二者的过程却完全不同，净雨是径流的来源，而径流则是净雨汇流的结果；净雨在降雨结束时就停止了，而径流却要延长很长时间。 净雨通过坡地、河网汇集到流域出口断面的过程，可细分为坡地汇流和河网汇流。 表层流径流，由土壤孔隙流入河网，流程历时较坡面漫流长，对历时较长的暴雨，也是构成河流流量的主要来源。 坡地地下汇流，地下水补给河流，构成河流的基流。 汇流过程，径流过程比降雨过程变化缓慢。 •表示地面水坡面汇流时间．. •表示地面水流域汇流时间。 •坡面阻力一般很大，流速较小，但坡面水流的流程不长，常只有百米至数百米左右，所以坡面汇流时间一般并不大，大约只有几十分钟。 •河网由大大小小的河流交会而成。
定义 地面径流(5) 指降水后除直接蒸发、植物截留、渗入地下、填充洼地外，其余经流域地面汇入河槽，并沿河下泄的水流。 地面径流又由于降水形态的不同，可分为雨洪径流与融雪径流。 前者是由降雨形成的，后者是由融雪产生的。
1、径流 定义：径流是指 降雨 及冰雪 融水 或者在浇地的时候在重力作用下沿地表或地下流动的水流。 分类：按水流来源分为 降雨径流 和 融水 径流以及浇水径流；按流动方式分为 地表径流 和 地下径流，地表径流又分 坡面流 和河槽流。
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