Spasticity is seen to be a positive feature of upper motor neuron syndrome. This is because it is due to a loss of inhibition of the lower motor neuron pathways, rather than a loss of connection to the lower motor neuron (or other pathways).

Although spasticity is part of the upper motor neuron syndrome, it is frequently tied to the other presentations of the said syndrome. Contracture, hypertonia, weakness, and movement disorders can all coexist as a result of the upper motor neuron syndrome.

Spasticity is a motor disorder classically defined by velocity dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes resulting from an upper motor neuron lesion, presenting as intermittent or sustained involuntary activation of muscles.

Spasticity is a common disorder affecting people with long term neurological conditions such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, and traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries.

Upper motor neuron lesions cause spasticity in much the same way that they cause paralysis and loss of feeling – by disrupting communication between the brain, the spinal cord, muscles, and the sensory system (sensory organs in the skin, muscles, tendons, etc.).

The second edition of this book brings together an excellent transdiciplinary group of experienced clinicians who clearly and thoroughly outline the physiological basis, clinical consequences, and problems related to the upper motor neuron syndrome (UMNS), and describe many of the current treatment strategies for adult and paediatric populations.

While multiple muscles in a limb are usually affected in the upper motor neuron syndrome, there is usually an imbalance of activity, such that there is a stronger pull in one direction, such as into elbow flexion.

Spasticity is a stretch reflex disorder, manifested clinically as an increase in muscle tone that becomes more apparent with more rapid stretching movement. It is a common consequence of lesions that damage upper motor neurons causing upper motor neuron syndrome (UMNS).

As a hallmark of upper motor neuron lesions, spasticity emerges through a complex post injury process involving the resolution of spinal shock, an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory signaling, and maladaptive neuronal plasticity, leading to hyperreflexia and chronic spasticity.

Hyperexcitability of spinal reflexes forms the basis of most of the positive clinical signs of the UMN syndrome, which have in common excessive muscle activity. These spinal reflexes may be divided into two groups, proprioceptive reflexes and nociceptive cutaneous reflexes.

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