Vitamin D’s active form, 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25D3), has an active part in the metabolism of calcium. This chapter shall focus on the regulatory processes involving calcium and vitamin D and its role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.
There are three molecules which regulate the amount of calcium in the blood and ensure it is maintained within the normal range. These are calcitriol (vitamin D), parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.
Without enough vitamin D or calcium, your parathyroid glands compensate by producing too much of their hormone, a condition called hyperparathyroidism. That can lead to bone weakening (osteoporosis) and increased fracture risk.
precursor to calcitriol is stored in the skin where UV exposure converts it to previtamin D3.
Vitamin D and calcium are both associated with bone metabolism. Vitamin D and calcium may reduce inflammation. Many individuals are deficient in vitamin D and calcium. Some drugs and foods may interfere with vitamin D and calcium absorption or function.
Vitamin D plays a fundamental role in maintaining overall health, particularly bone health. It acts as a precursor to a hormone that helps regulate calcium levels. This connection is central to its function, ensuring proper mineralization and strength of the skeletal system.
Vitamin D acts in this system by both genomic and nongenomic mechanisms (1, 2). These mechanisms involve, among other effects, synthesis of a calcium transport protein (calbindin), which shuttles calcium from the brush border across to the basolateral side of the mucosal cell.
Calcium is required for the functioning of numerous biological processes and is essential for skeletal health. The major source of new calcium is from the diet. The central role of vitamin D in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis is to increase the absorption of ingested calcium from the intestine.
Vitamin D and its’ metabolites are a crucial part of the endocrine system that controls whole body calcium homeostasis. The goal of this hormonal control is to regulate serum calcium levels so that they are maintained within a very narrow range.
Supplementation with vitamin D and calcium slightly improves bone mineral density. Vitamin D is converted to calcidiol in the liver. Part of the calcidiol is converted by the kidneys to calcitriol, the biologically active form of vitamin D.
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